Battle of Jonesboro - Atlanta Campaign - Civil War - William Sherman

Battle of Jonesboro - Atlanta Campaign - Civil War - William Sherman Battle of Jonesboro - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Jonesboro was fought August 31-September 1, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General William T. ShermanMajor General Oliver O. HowardMajor General George H. Thomas6 corps Confederates General John Bell HoodLieutenant General William Hardee2 corps Battle of Jonesboro - Background: Advancing south from Chattanooga in May 1864, Major General William T. Sherman sought to capture the vital Confederate rail hub at Atlanta, GA. Opposed by Confederate forces, he reached the city in July after a protracted campaign in northern Georgia. Defending Atlanta, General John Bell Hood fought three battles with Sherman late in the month at Peachtree Creek,  Atlanta, and  Ezra Church, before retiring into the citys fortifications. Unwilling to launch frontal assaults against prepared defenses, Shermans forces assumed positions west, north, and east of the city and worked to cut it off from resupply. This perceived inaction, along with Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant being stalled at Petersburg, began to damage Union morale and led some to fear that President Abraham Lincoln could be defeated in the November election. Assessing the situation, Sherman decided to make efforts to sever the sole remaining railroad into Atlanta, the Macon Western. Departing the city, the Macon Western Railroad ran south to Eastpoint where the Atlanta West Point Railroad split off while the main line continued to and through Jonesboro (Jonesborough). Battle of Jonesboro - The Union Plan: To accomplish this goal, Sherman directed the majority of his forces to pull out of their positions and move around Atlanta to the west before falling upon the Macon Western south of the city. Only Major General Henry Slocums XX Corps was to remain north of Atlanta with orders to guard the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee River and protect the Union lines of communication. The massive Union movement began on August 25 and saw Major General Oliver O. Howards Army of the Tennessee march with orders to strike the railroad at Jonesboro (Map). Battle of Jonesboro - Hood Responds: As Howards men moved out, Major General George H. Thomas Army of the Cumberland and Major General John Schofields Army of the Ohio were tasked with cutting the railroad farther north. On August 26, Hood was surprised to find the majority of the Union entrenchments around Atlanta empty. Two days later, Union troops reached the Atlanta West Point and began pulling up the tracks. Initially believing this to be a diversion, Hood disregarded the Union efforts until reports began to reach him of a sizable Union force south of the city. As Hood sought to clarify the situation, Howards men reached the Flint River near Jonesboro. Brushing aside a force of Confederate cavalry, they crossed the river and assumed a strong position on heights overlooking the Macon Western Railroad. Surprised by the speed of his advance, Howard halted his command to consolidate and allow his men to rest. Receiving reports of the Howards position, Hood immediately ordered Lieutenant General William Hardee to take his corps and that of Lieutenant General Stephen D. Lee south to Jonesboro to dislodge the Union troops and protect the railroad. Battle of Jonesboro - The Fighting Begins: Arriving through the night of August 31, Union interference along the railroad prevented Hardee from being ready to attack until around 3:30 PM. Opposing the Confederate commander were Major General John Logans XV Corps which faced east and Major General Thomas Ransoms XVI Corps which angled back from the Union right. Due to the delays in the Confederate advance, both Union corps had time to fortify their positions. For the assault, Hardee directed Lee to attack Logans line while Major General Patrick Cleburne led his corps against Ransom. Pressing forward, Cleburnes force advanced on Ransom but the attack began to stall when his lead division came under fire from Union cavalry led by Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick. Regaining some momentum, Cleburne had some success and captured two Union guns before being forced to halt. To the north, Lees Corps moved forward against Logans earthworks. While some units attacked and took heavy losses before being repulsed, others, knowing the near-futility of assaulting fortifications directly, failed to fully join in the effort. Battle of Jonesboro - The Confederate Defeat: Forced to pull back, Hardees command suffered around 2,200 casualties while Union losses numbered only 172. As Hardee was being repulsed at Jonesboro, the Union XXIII, IV, and XIV Corps reached the railroad north of Jonesboro and south of Rough and Ready. As they severed the railroad and telegraph wires, Hood realized his only remaining option was to evacuate Atlanta. Planning to depart after dark on September 1, Hood ordered Lees Corps to return to the city to protect against a Union attack from the south. Left at Jonesboro, Hardee was to hold out and cover the retreat of the army. Assuming a defensive position near the town, Hardees line faced west while his right flank bent back toward to the east. On September 1, Sherman directed Major General David Stanley to take IV Corps south along the railroad, unite with Major General Jefferson C. Davis XIV Corps, and together aid Logan in crushing Hardee. Initially both were to destroy the railroad as they progressed but upon learning that Lee had departed, Sherman directed them to advance as quickly as possible. Arriving on the battlefield, Davis corps assumed as position on Logans left. Directing operations, Sherman ordered Davis to attack around 4:00 PM even through Stanleys men were still arriving. Though an initial attack was turned back, subsequent assaults by Davis men opened a breach in the Confederate lines. As Sherman did not order Howards Army of the Tennessee to attack, Hardee was able to shift troops to seal this gap and prevent IV Corps from turning his flank. Desperately holding out until nightfall, Hardee withdrew south towards Lovejoys Station. Battle of Jonesboro - Aftermath: The Battle of Jonesboro cost Confederate forces around 3,000 casualties while Union losses numbered around 1,149. As Hood had evacuated the city during the night, Slocums XX Corps was able to enter Atlanta on September 2. Pursuing Hardee south to Lovejoys, Sherman learned of the citys fall the next day. Unwilling to attack the strong position that Hardee had prepared, Union troops returned to Atlanta. Telegraphing Washington, Sherman stated, Atlanta is ours, and fairly won. The fall of Atlanta provided a massive boost to Northern morale and played a key role in ensuring the reelection of Abraham Lincoln. Beaten, Hood embarked on a campaign into Tennessee that fall which saw his army effectively destroyed at the Battles of Franklin and Nashville. Having secured Atlanta, Sherman embarked upon his March to the Sea which saw him capture Savannah on December 21. Selected Sources History of War: Battle of JonesboroughCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Jonesborough North Georgia: Battle of Jonesboro

Political Economy of International Trade

Political Economy of International Trade Introduction Governments use various methods to intervene in markets for different reasons. Modes of government interventions in markets include the use of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping policies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Economy of International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, the government can influence the market either directly as a competitor or indirectly through tariffs and regulations. These interventions only occur for political and economic reasons. Government interventions in markets and reasons for interventions in markets Tariffs are taxes that governments levy on imports or exports. Governments use tariffs to protect emerging local firms from fierce foreign competitions, protect old firms from competition, and reduce cases of dumping. Dumping aims to avoid ‘too lowà ¢â‚¬â„¢ prices of imports in the domestic market. Subsidies are governments’ financial supports to any sector (Office of Fair Trading 26). They may include direct grants, additional capital, exemptions from taxes, guarantees, and low interest loans among others. Subsidies influence the market competition through changes in costs and production strategies. Import quotas limit the amount of goods that a country can import within a certain period. Hence, quotas can influence production of goods in other countries. Quotas protect domestic firms, but may result in increased prices for consumers. They reduce imports to eliminate competition. Voluntary export restraints happen when a government limits the amount of goods or services that local companies can export to other countries (Hill 216). This protects local firms from a fierce competition as witnessed in the case of cheap Japanese cars imported in the US in 1980s. Both countries applied voluntary export restraints to protect the domestic automobile industry of the US. Local content requirements favour the use of locally manufactured parts, labour, services, supplies, and materials for production within the country rather than importing such resources. Hence, governments require a minimum use of local contents to promote domestic economies when foreign firms produce in a country.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Local content requirements could also happen because of political influences and the need to protect and benefit a given territory. It happens in the Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry in which the government has made it a law for all multinational oil and gas firms to incorporate local contents in their production chains (Falco, Gallo, Santillo, Troncone and Viecelli 213). Local contents can also include direct investments on the site. Administrative trade policies are regulations tha t governments formulate to make it hard for other countries to import into another country (Hill 219). These are mainly non-tariff barriers to importers. For instance, tedious and time-consuming inspection processes of imported goods at borders are instances of applying restrictive administrative trade policies to limit trade. Japan had used this method to limit foreign firms from importing into its markets as shown by FedEx Express and Netherlands’ tulip bulbs (Hill 219). Antidumping policies protect domestic market prices by ensuring that imports do not have ‘too low’ prices below the cost of production or have fair market prices. The US has used antidumping policies to protect domestic markets from cheap imports from China. Political reasons for government market intervention are numerous. They include protecting local jobs, national industries, protecting national security, retaliating against unfair market practices, protecting consumers from substandard goo ds, promoting foreign policies, and protecting human rights. Economic reasons include protecting infant industries from foreign competitions and enhancing strategic trade policies. Hence, these reasons show that government intervention in markets can encourage or limit trade. A government would engage in a market to offer either direct or indirect support to local industries. Moreover, difficult economic situations may also force governments to intervene in markets, as well as lobbying from workers in order to protect their jobs and markets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Economy of International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Governments participate in the market through seven strategies, which include the use of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping policies. The major reasons are both econo mic and political reasons, but they aim to protect local jobs, unfair competition, enhance foreign policy, protect consumers from ‘dangerous’ goods and gain political favours from locals or voters. Falco, De Massimo, Mosà ¨ Gallo, Carmela Santillo, Enzo Troncone, and Pier Viecelli. Planning Large Engineering Project in high risk country areas: the Evaluation of Local Content strategies in the Oil Gas industry through a robust planning technique. International Journal of Systems Applications, Engineering Development 2.6 (2006): 213-221. Print. Hill, Charles. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print. Office of Fair Trading. Government in markets. London: Crown, 2009. Print.